How to Read Your Dog's Body Language

Understanding Your Dog’s Emotions: Signs of Happiness and Discomfort

Dogs are incredible companions, but understanding their emotions can be a challenge. A dog’s body language speaks volumes, providing insights into how they’re feeling. Recognising the signs of happiness and discomfort can help you foster a strong bond with your furry friend. Let’s explore the indicators of a happy dog, as well as the signs of pain, fear, and discomfort.

Signs of a Happy, Relaxed Dog

1. Relaxed Body Posture
A happy dog will often stand or lie down with a relaxed body. Their muscles will be loose, and they may even roll onto their back, exposing their belly — usually a sign of trust and comfort. (Mind you, a dog may also do this as an “appeasement” behaviour.)

2. Tail Position and Movement
A loosely wagging tail, moving in broad sweeps, indicates joy. Pay attention to the tail’s position — a relaxed tail hanging down or slightly raised is a good sign, while a stiff tail held vertically can indicate alertness or anxiety. A tucked tail is a clear sign of fear or apprehension and should be noted.

3. Ears
When a dog is content, their ears are usually in a natural position — neither pinned back nor standing rigidly upright. Floppy, relaxed ears are a good sign of a happy dog. (Some breeds, particularly terriers, may pin their ears when interested — it’s not always a sign of discomfort.)

4. Facial Expressions
A relaxed mouth, with the lips slightly parted and possibly a tongue hanging out, indicates happiness. A dog that shows its teeth in a relaxed way (not a snarl) may be smiling! Any tightness in the jaw or skin may suggest pain or emotional discomfort.

5. Playful Behaviour
A dog that is eager to engage in play — initiating games or bringing toys — is likely feeling happy. Look for the “play bow”, when a dog stretches its front legs forward while keeping its rear end up, signalling a readiness to play.

6. Interest in Surroundings
Happy dogs are often curious and engaged with their environment. They’ll approach, explore, sniff, and show interest in people, other dogs, and new experiences. (Fearful dogs may avoid things by turning their body away or sniffing — this is “avoidance” behaviour.)

Signs of Pain, Fear, or Discomfort

1. Body Posture
A dog in pain or fear may adopt a crouched posture, trying to make themselves smaller. They may tuck their tail between their legs or stand stiffly. Shivering can also indicate pain.

2. Tail Position
A tail that is low or tucked indicates fear or discomfort. A stiff, raised tail may suggest the dog feels threatened or anxious.

3. Ears
Ears pinned back against the head are a common sign of fear or unease. Conversely, ears that are raised but tense may indicate heightened alertness or anxiety.

4. Facial Expressions
A distressed dog may have a tense face with wide eyes, sometimes showing the whites of their eyes — known as “whale eye”. Excessive panting, lip licking, or yawning (without being tired) can also indicate stress.

5. Vocalisations
Whining, growling, or barking can signal discomfort or fear. Always consider the context in which these sounds occur.

6. Avoidance Behaviour
If your dog is hiding, backing away, or avoiding interaction, they may be feeling scared or uncomfortable. Look for signs that they are trying to escape a situation.

Knowing Your Dog

Understanding your dog’s body language is crucial to supporting their wellbeing. Regular observation will help you become attuned to their unique signals. Keep in mind that individual dogs may express emotions differently depending on their breed, personality, and past experiences.

If you notice any signs of pain or discomfort that concern you, it’s essential to consult a veterinary professional. They can help determine the cause and provide appropriate care.

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